Introduction

The runtime is the stage upon which programs run. It handles the orchestration of execution, ensuring that instructions are executed in the correct order and that resources are managed efficiently.

Key Concepts

- Memory Management: Allocation, deallocation, garbage collection. - Thread Management: Synchronization, concurrency, thread creation, and termination. - Runtime Data Structures: Arrays, linked lists, trees, etc. - Object Serialization & Deserialization: Converting objects to a format for storage/transmission and back.

Example - Garbage Collection

The garbage collector automatically reclaims memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use, preventing memory leaks.

Important Considerations

– Concurrency: Managing multiple tasks seemingly simultaneously. – Deadlocks: Situations where tasks are blocked indefinitely, waiting for each other.