SQL Server Administration Guide

Installation and Configuration

This guide provides comprehensive instructions and best practices for installing and configuring Microsoft SQL Server to ensure optimal performance, security, and reliability.

I. Prerequisites and Planning

  • Hardware and Software Requirements: Review the official Microsoft documentation for the specific SQL Server version to understand the minimum and recommended hardware specifications (CPU, RAM, disk space) and operating system compatibility.
  • Network Configuration: Plan your network topology, including firewall rules to allow necessary SQL Server ports (default: TCP 1433, UDP 1434 for SQL Browser). Consider network latency and bandwidth for remote clients.
  • Account Permissions: Ensure the service accounts used for SQL Server and its related services have the appropriate permissions on the operating system and Active Directory.
  • Disk Subsystem Design: Strategize your disk layout for data files (MDF), log files (LDF), and TempDB. Consider using separate physical drives or volumes for improved I/O performance.

II. Installation Process

The SQL Server installation wizard (Setup.exe) guides you through the process. Key considerations include:

  • Edition Selection: Choose the appropriate SQL Server edition (e.g., Enterprise, Standard, Express) based on your business needs and licensing.
  • Feature Selection: Select only the features you require to minimize resource usage and potential security vulnerabilities. Common features include Database Engine Services, Analysis Services, Reporting Services, and Integration Services.
  • Instance Configuration: Decide whether to install a default instance or a named instance. Named instances are recommended for environments with multiple SQL Server installations.
  • Service Accounts: Configure dedicated service accounts for SQL Server Database Engine, SQL Server Agent, and other services. Use least privilege principles.
  • Authentication Mode: Choose between Windows Authentication (recommended for most scenarios) and Mixed Mode Authentication (SQL Server and Windows Authentication). If using Mixed Mode, set a strong SA password.
  • Data Directories: Specify the locations for database files, TempDB, and backup directories.

Example Command-Line Installation (for unattended setup):


Setup.exe /ACTION=Install /FEATURES=SQLENGINE,SSMS /INSTANCENAME=MSSQLSERVER /SQLSVCACCOUNT="NT AUTHORITY\Network Service" /SQLSYSADMINACCOUNTS="BUILTIN\Administrators" /AGTSVCACCOUNT="NT AUTHORITY\Network Service" /ISSVCACCOUNT="NT AUTHORITY\Network Service" /IACCEPTSQLSERVERLICENSETERMS

III. Post-Installation Configuration

After a successful installation, several configuration steps are crucial:

  • Security Hardening:
    • Configure firewall rules to restrict access to only necessary IPs and ports.
    • Disable unused features and protocols.
    • Review and configure SQL Server logins and user permissions.
    • Apply the latest SQL Server security patches and service packs.
  • Performance Tuning:
    • Configure max server memory to prevent SQL Server from consuming all available RAM.
    • Configure TempDB for optimal performance (multiple files, proper sizing, appropriate file growth).
    • Enable trace flags relevant to your workload (use with caution).
  • Backup Strategy:
    • Configure SQL Server Agent jobs for regular database backups (full, differential, transaction log).
    • Verify backup integrity and test restore procedures regularly.
  • Error Reporting:
    • Configure SQL Server Error and Usage Reporting to help Microsoft diagnose and resolve issues.
  • Surface Area Configuration:
    • Use SQL Server Configuration Manager to manage services and network protocols.
    • Disable TCP/IP if not required or restrict it to specific IP addresses.

IV. Configuration Best Practices

  • Always plan your installation and configuration carefully. Thorough planning prevents common pitfalls and ensures a robust setup.
  • Use dedicated service accounts with minimal privileges. This enhances security by limiting the impact of a compromised account.
  • Keep SQL Server and the operating system updated with the latest patches. Updates often include critical security fixes and performance improvements.
  • Monitor SQL Server performance metrics regularly. Early detection of performance issues allows for proactive tuning.
  • Document your installation and configuration choices. This documentation is invaluable for troubleshooting and future upgrades.
  • Perform regular, verified backups and test restores. A sound backup and recovery strategy is the cornerstone of data protection.

V. Further Resources