| SELECT | Retrieves rows from one or more tables. |
| FROM | Specifies the table(s) to retrieve data from. |
| WHERE | Filters rows based on a condition. |
| JOIN | Combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column. |
| INNER JOIN | Returns rows when there is a match in both tables. |
| LEFT JOIN | Returns all rows from the left table, and matched rows from the right table. |
| GROUP BY | Aggregates rows that share a property. |
| HAVING | Filters groups created by GROUP BY. |
| ORDER BY | Sorts the result set. |
| INSERT | Adds new rows to a table. |
| UPDATE | Modifies existing rows. |
| DELETE | Removes rows from a table. |
| PRIMARY KEY | Unique identifier for a table row. |
| FOREIGN KEY | Enforces referential integrity between tables. |
| INDEX | Improves the speed of data retrieval. |
| VIEW | Virtual table based on a query. |
| TRIGGER | Automatic action performed in response to certain events. |
| TRANSACTION | Sequence of operations performed as a single unit of work. |
| COMMIT | Finalizes a transaction making changes permanent. |
| ROLLBACK | Reverts a transaction to its previous state. |
| NULL | Represents missing or undefined data. |
| CASE | Provides conditional logic in queries. |
| UNION | Combines result sets of multiple SELECT statements. |
| EXISTS | Tests for the existence of rows in a subquery. |