An Introduction to Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. compositions of atoms, their chemical composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances.
It is a central science because it connects other natural sciences, such as physics, geology, and biology, with each other and with mathematics. Understanding chemistry is crucial for comprehending the natural world around us, from the air we breathe to the food we eat and the medicines that heal us.
Organic Chemistry
The study of carbon-containing compounds. Organic chemistry is the backbone of life sciences, dealing with the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon compounds.
Inorganic Chemistry
The study of the properties and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds that are not carbon-based.
Physical Chemistry
The study of the physical and chemical principles that underlie chemical systems and processes. It utilizes concepts from physics, such as thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics.
Analytical Chemistry
The investigation of chemical composition and the quantification of substances. It involves developing and applying methods and instruments to identify and measure the chemical composition of substances.
Biochemistry
The study of the chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. It bridges chemistry and biology, focusing on the molecules that make up cells and tissues, and the chemical reactions that occur within them.
The Periodic Table
A tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. It is a cornerstone of chemistry.
Chemical Reactions
A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction. Understanding reaction types is key to predicting and controlling chemical changes.
Chemical Bonding
The physical phenomena that allows atoms and ions to come together and form molecules or crystals. There are several types of chemical bonds, including covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.
States of Matter
The distinct forms in which matter exists, such as solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The state of a substance depends on temperature and pressure, and each state has unique physical properties.